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Question: Write an essay about the Traffic and Transportation. Answer: Arterial roads may be known as high-capacity roads which connect the urban areas with the cities. The arterial roads deliver traffic from the collector roads to the expressways. Thus these roads in a way provide service between the urban areas and expressways. As stated by Vasconcellos (2014), many arterial roads are limited-access roads for the private access. It has been observed that the modern motorways are dealing with heavy incrising road traffic and high demand for mobility of frequent congestion, accidents, dangerous road sections and air pollution. It has been found that controlled-access highway has been designed for high speed vehicle traffic and also so to maintain the traffic flow (Tolley and Turton 2014). It has been observed that the arterial road connects the urban areas and the cities. As argued by Garber and Hoel (2014), such types of the arterial roads change from country to country or city to city. The designs of the arterial roads are also different and include patterns like concentric circulars or grid. As stated by Barfield and Dingus (2014), the arterial roads have been built as a bypass lane for the high speed and high-mobility motorway. These arterial roads create opportunity to connect the urban areas with the city. As argued by Schmieg et al. (2014), the arterial roads provide useful features and facilities to vehicles. Social benefits: As stated by Pan et al. (2014), everyday more than 10 to 15 small and medium road accidents have been reported at different roads of Australia. The majority of the accidents are responsible in creating slow traffic in different highways. According to Greguric et al. (2014), more than 1.5 million people have died in road accidents last year. Due to slow traffic and traffic jam, more than 70% of the injured people die every year. Therefore, road accidents may create traffic jam on the highway. The new arterial roads have created a bypass for ambulances and other emergency vehicles such as fire truck or lifting truck so that they may reach the accident spot easily. It has been observed that the Prince highway covers the major areas in Australia from Sydney to Port Augusta. It has been observed that more than 10 bypass roads have been attached with this highway such as Oak Flats to Dunmore, North Kiama Bypass, Kiama On and Off Ramps. It has been observed that the length of the bypass roads is mot more than 11.5 km (Garber and Hoel 2014). Moreover, 5 bypass roads are under construction (Pan et al. 2014). As stated by Greguric et al. (2014), more than 50% traffic jams have decreased in this high ways. Therefore, an additional 3-6 bypasses ways will be required for decreasing the traffic jam by 30%. Quality of the roads: The road construction process will be more technology based. The asphalt or concrete roads are suitable for bypass roads. It is cost effective and durable. It has been observed that some areas are susceptible to landslides due to heavy rain. Therefore the road construction companies need to inspect the area of roads. Additionally, post this inspection, the road construction company will begin its road construction procedure and make arrangement for requirements such as rocks and stones. It has been observed that some bypass roads have been built using cobblestone and granite stones. Those roads are non slippery but they absorb large amount of rain. As a result, the longevity of the cobblestone coating is low (not more than 6 -8 years). On the other hand the cobblestone coating cannot carry heavy weight vehicles such as trucks and trawlers. Therefore, the asphalt coating roads will be better for the bypass roads because it is durable and has good gripping ability. Therefore, this will be of lower risk for the cars in the rain. As stated by Ouma et at. (2014), asphalt road making process is more expensive and time consuming than the cobblestone roads. As stated by Garber and Hoel (2014), the bypass road should have 2 lanes and they should specially connect the rural areas with the highways. Therefore, the asphalt roads provide better roads for the emergency vehicles such as ambulance, fire truck and others. The new bypass roads will be covered by thick asphalt to increase its durability. As stated by Pan et al. (2014), asphalt roads are well suited for carrying loaded trucks. Most asphalt roads have a gravel based surface. Portland cement or lime would be used to stabilize the mixture of the gravels. Technology implementation: It has been observed that the old road building process was manual. Therefore, the construction process has been a time consuming process. The road construction department has spent a large amount of capital on the construction of these roads. Therefore the new technological implementation will be more time and cost efficient for the new bypass roads (Ouma et at. 2014). There are some new building machines like air-track drill, chip spreader, cold planer, compactor, concrete mixture machines and carriage and curb machines will be used in the new road construction. Those innovative machineries will reduce the human effort and building time. As a result the roads will open for vehicles after a short time. Lighting system: It has been observed that there are no street lights in the highways. Therefore, relief operation has faced challenge at night. However, the bypass road must have street lights because it connects the rural areas with the highways. There will be street light in the bypass lanes. The gap between two street lights will be almost 100 to 150 meters. Power Companies have taken the responsibility of setting up LED street lights for the new bypass. As stated by by Barfield and Dingus (2014), the LED light 80% power saving capacity than the florescent lights and sodium vapor lamps or halogen lamps. On the other hand, the LED light delivers better candela than the sodium vapor lamp. There will be automated signaling system in the new bypass road. The signaling system will be bright LED based so that the driver is able to observe the signals from far (Ouma et at. 2014). The arterial roads are necessary for supporting the highways in emergency purposes. The bypass roads must be built by materials that are strong and heavy such as asphalt so that maintenance cost may be reduced. The new bypass roads must have bright and energy efficient lighting and signaling system to avoid accidents. Therefore, the bypass roads would be the perfect support for the highways. Reference list: Barfield, W. and Dingus, T.A., 2014. Human factors in intelligent transportation systems. Psychology Press. Garber, N. and Hoel, L., 2014. Traffic and highway engineering. Cengage Learning. Greguric, M., Ivanjko, E. and Mandzuka, S., 2014, Cooperative ramp metering simulation. In Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2014 37th International Convention on (pp. 970-975). IEEE. Greguri, M., Ivanjko, E. and Manduka, S., 2014. New Concepts for Urban Highways Control. REAL CORP, pp.423-431. Ouma, Y.O., Yabann, C.E., Kirichu, M. and Tateishi, R., 2014. Optimization of urban highway bypass horizontal alignment: a methodological overview of intelligent spatial MCDA approach using fuzzy AHP and GIS. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2014. Pan, J., Chen, C., Li, Y., Wang, L., Tan, L., Li, G., Tang, X., Xiao, L., Lu, J. and Zhuang, L., 2014. Constructing ionic highway in alkaline polymer electrolytes. Energy Environmental Science, 7(1), pp.354-360. Schmieg, N., Menendez, G., Schiavo, G. and Terenzio, M., 2014,. Signalling endosomes in axonal transport: travel updates on the molecular highway. In Seminars in cell developmental biology (Vol. 27, pp. 32-43). Academic Press. Tolley, R. and Turton, B.J., 2014. Transport systems, policy and planning: a geographical approach. Routledge. Vasconcellos, E.A., 2014. Urban Transport Environment and Equity: The case for developing countries. Routledge.